432页。
Preface ................................................................................................. xv
Introduction to OpenStack ........................................................... xv
Getting Started with OpenStack ................................................... xv
Who This Book Is For .................................................................. xvii
How This Book Is Organized ........................................................ xix
Why and How We Wrote This Book ............................................ xxii
How to Contribute to This Book ................................................. xxvi
Conventions Used in This Book .................................................. xxvii
I. Architecture ........................................................................................ 1
1. Example Architectures ................................................................ 3
Example Architecture—Legacy Networking (nova) .................. 3
Example Architecture—OpenStack Networking ....................... 9
Parting Thoughts on Architectures ....................................... 25
2. Provisioning and Deployment ................................................... 27
Automated Deployment ...................................................... 27
Automated Configuration .................................................... 30
Remote Management .......................................................... 31
Parting Thoughts for Provisioning and Deploying OpenStack .................................................................................... 31
Conclusion ........................................................................... 32
3. Designing for Cloud Controllers and Cloud Management ........... 33
Hardware Considerations ..................................................... 35
Separation of Services .......................................................... 35
Database ............................................................................. 36
Message Queue ................................................................... 36
Conductor Services ............................................................... 37
Application Programming Interface (API) ............................. 38
Extensions ............................................................................ 38
Scheduling ........................................................................... 39
Images ................................................................................. 39
Dashboard ........................................................................... 40
Authentication and Authorization ........................................ 40
Network Considerations ....................................................... 41
4. Compute Nodes ....................................................................... 43
Choosing a CPU ................................................................... 43
Choosing a Hypervisor ......................................................... 44
Instance Storage Solutions ................................................... 45
Overcommitting ................................................................... 49
Logging ............................................................................... 50
Networking .......................................................................... 50
Conclusion ........................................................................... 50
5. Scaling ..................................................................................... 51
The Starting Point ................................................................ 51
Adding Cloud Controller Nodes ............................................ 53
Segregating Your Cloud ....................................................... 54
Scalable Hardware ............................................................... 58
6. Storage Decisions ..................................................................... 61
Ephemeral Storage ............................................................... 61
Persistent Storage ................................................................ 61
OpenStack Storage Concepts ............................................... 63
Choosing Storage Back Ends ................................................ 64
Conclusion ........................................................................... 70
7. Network Design ....................................................................... 71
Management Network ......................................................... 71
Public Addressing Options .................................................... 72
IP Address Planning ............................................................. 72
Network Topology ............................................................... 74
Services for Networking ....................................................... 76
Conclusion ........................................................................... 76
II. Operations ....................................................................................... 79
8. Lay of the Land ....................................................................... 81
Using the OpenStack Dashboard for Administration .............. 81
Command-Line Tools ............................................................ 81
Network Inspection .............................................................. 89
Users and Projects ................................................................ 90
Running Instances ................................................................ 90
Summary ............................................................................. 91
9. Managing Projects and Users ................................................... 93
Projects or Tenants? ............................................................. 93
Managing Projects ............................................................... 93
Quotas ................................................................................. 95
User Management ............................................................. 104
Creating New Users ............................................................ 104
Associating Users with Projects ........................................... 105
Summary ............................................................................ 109
10. User-Facing Operations ......................................................... 111
Images ............................................................................... 111
Flavors ............................................................................... 114
Security Groups .................................................................. 116
Block Storage ..................................................................... 126
Instances ............................................................................ 128
Associating Security Groups ................................................ 133
Floating IPs ........................................................................ 134
Attaching Block Storage ..................................................... 134
Taking Snapshots ............................................................... 136
Instances in the Database .................................................. 140
Good Luck! ........................................................................ 141
11. Maintenance, Failures, and Debugging ................................. 143
Cloud Controller and Storage Proxy Failures and Maintenance ................................................................................. 143
Compute Node Failures and Maintenance .......................... 145
Storage Node Failures and Maintenance ............................. 151
Handling a Complete Failure .............................................. 153
Configuration Management ............................................... 153
Working with Hardware ..................................................... 154
Databases .......................................................................... 155
HDWMY ............................................................................ 156
Determining Which Component Is Broken .......................... 157
Uninstalling ........................................................................ 160
12. Network Troubleshooting ..................................................... 161
Using "ip a" to Check Interface States ................................. 161
Visualizing nova-network Traffic in the Cloud ...................... 162
Visualizing OpenStack Networking Service Traffic in the
Cloud ................................................................................. 163
Finding a Failure in the Path ............................................... 171
tcpdump ............................................................................ 171
iptables .............................................................................. 173
Network Configuration in the Database for nova-network
........................................................................................... 174
Debugging DHCP Issues with nova-network ........................ 175
Debugging DNS Issues ........................................................ 179
Troubleshooting Open vSwitch ........................................... 181
Dealing with Network Namespaces .................................... 182
Summary ............................................................................ 183
13. Logging and Monitoring ....................................................... 185
Where Are the Logs? ......................................................... 185
Reading the Logs ............................................................... 186
Tracing Instance Requests .................................................. 188
Adding Custom Logging Statements ................................... 188
RabbitMQ Web Management Interface or rabbitmqctl ........ 189
Centrally Managing Logs .................................................... 190
Monitoring ......................................................................... 192
Summary ............................................................................ 200
14. Backup and Recovery ........................................................... 203
What to Back Up ............................................................... 203
Database Backups .............................................................. 204
File System Backups ........................................................... 204
Recovering Backups ............................................................ 206
Summary ............................................................................ 207
15. Customization ...................................................................... 209
Create an OpenStack Development Environment ................ 209
Customizing Object Storage (Swift) Middleware ................. 212
Customizing the OpenStack Compute (nova) Scheduler ....... 219
Customizing the Dashboard (Horizon) ................................ 224
Conclusion ......................................................................... 224
16. Upstream OpenStack ............................................................ 225
Getting Help ...................................................................... 225
Reporting Bugs .................................................................. 226
Join the OpenStack Community .......................................... 229
How to Contribute to the Documentation .......................... 230
Security Information ........................................................... 230
Finding Additional Information .......................................... 231
17. Advanced Configuration ....................................................... 233
Differences Between Various Drivers .................................. 233
Implementing Periodic Tasks .............................................. 233
Specific Configuration Topics .............................................. 235
18. Upgrades ............................................................................. 237
Pre-Upgrade Testing Environment ...................................... 237
Preparing for a Rollback ..................................................... 239
Upgrades ........................................................................... 240
Upgrade Levels .................................................................. 241
How to Perform an Upgrade from Grizzly to Havana—
Ubuntu .............................................................................. 242
How to Perform an Upgrade from Grizzly to Havana—Red
Hat Enterprise Linux and Derivatives ................................... 249
How to Perform an Upgrade from Havana to Icehouse—
Ubuntu .............................................................................. 256
How to Perform an Upgrade from Havana to Icehouse—
Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Derivatives ............................ 266
How to Perform an Upgrade from Icehouse to Juno ............ 278
Cleaning Up and Final Configuration File Updates ............... 289
Rolling Back a Failed Upgrade ............................................ 290
A. Use Cases ...................................................................................... 295
NeCTAR ..................................................................................... 295
MIT CSAIL .................................................................................. 296
DAIR .......................................................................................... 297
CERN ......................................................................................... 298
B. Tales From the Cryp^H^H^H^H Cloud ............................................. 301
Double VLAN ............................................................................. 301
"The Issue" ................................................................................. 304
Disappearing Images .................................................................. 306
The Valentine's Day Compute Node Massacre ............................. 308
Down the Rabbit Hole ............................................................... 309
Havana Haunted by the Dead .................................................... 311
C. Working with Roadmaps ................................................................ 313
Information Available to You ..................................................... 314
Influencing the Roadmap ........................................................... 315
Aspects to Watch ....................................................................... 316
Distributed Virtual Router .......................................................... 318
Replacement of Open vSwitch Plug-in with Modular Layer 2 ........ 318
New API Versions ....................................................................... 318
OpenStack on OpenStack (TripleO) ............................................ 319
Data processing service for OpenStack (sahara) .......................... 319
Bare metal Deployment (ironic) .................................................. 319
Database as a Service (trove) ..................................................... 319
Message Service (zaqar) ............................................................. 319
DNS service (designate) .............................................................. 320
Scheduler Improvements ............................................................ 320
D. Resources ...................................................................................... 321
OpenStack ................................................................................. 321
Cloud (General) .......................................................................... 321
Python ....................................................................................... 321
Networking ................................................................................ 321
Systems Administration .............................................................. 322
Virtualization ............................................................................. 322
Configuration Management ....................................................... 322
Glossary ............................................................................................. 323
Index ................................................................................................. 387